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CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="CONTINUOUS-ARCHIVING"
>24.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)</A
></H1
><P
>   At all times, <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> maintains a
   <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>write ahead log</I
> (WAL) in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_xlog/</TT
>
   subdirectory of the cluster's data directory. The log records
   every change made to the database's data files.  This log exists
   primarily for crash-safety purposes: if the system crashes, the
   database can be restored to consistency by <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"replaying"</SPAN
> the
   log entries made since the last checkpoint.  However, the existence
   of the log makes it possible to use a third strategy for backing up
   databases: we can combine a file-system-level backup with backup of
   the WAL files.  If recovery is needed, we restore the file system backup and
   then replay from the backed-up WAL files to bring the system to a
   current state.  This approach is more complex to administer than
   either of the previous approaches, but it has some significant
   benefits:
  <P
></P
></P><UL
><LI
><P
>     We do not need a perfectly consistent file system backup as the starting point.
     Any internal inconsistency in the backup will be corrected by log
     replay (this is not significantly different from what happens during
     crash recovery).  So we do not need a file system snapshot capability,
     just <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>tar</SPAN
> or a similar archiving tool.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     Since we can combine an indefinitely long sequence of WAL files
     for replay, continuous backup can be achieved simply by continuing to archive
     the WAL files.  This is particularly valuable for large databases, where
     it might not be convenient to take a full backup frequently.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     It is not necessary to replay the WAL entries all the
     way to the end.  We could stop the replay at any point and have a
     consistent snapshot of the database as it was at that time.  Thus,
     this technique supports <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>point-in-time recovery</I
>: it is
     possible to restore the database to its state at any time since your base
     backup was taken.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     If we continuously feed the series of WAL files to another
     machine that has been loaded with the same base backup file, we
     have a <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>warm standby</I
> system: at any point we can bring up
     the second machine and it will have a nearly-current copy of the
     database.
    </P
></LI
></UL
><P>
  </P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
>    <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> and
    <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dumpall</SPAN
> do not produce file-system-level
    backups and cannot be used as part of a continuous-archiving solution.
    Such dumps are <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>logical</I
></SPAN
> and do not contain enough
    information to be used by WAL replay.
   </P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
>   As with the plain file-system-backup technique, this method can only
   support restoration of an entire database cluster, not a subset.
   Also, it requires a lot of archival storage: the base backup might be bulky,
   and a busy system will generate many megabytes of WAL traffic that
   have to be archived.  Still, it is the preferred backup technique in
   many situations where high reliability is needed.
  </P
><P
>   To recover successfully using continuous archiving (also called
   <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"online backup"</SPAN
> by many database vendors), you need a continuous
   sequence of archived WAL files that extends back at least as far as the
   start time of your backup.  So to get started, you should set up and test
   your procedure for archiving WAL files <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>before</I
></SPAN
> you take your
   first base backup.  Accordingly, we first discuss the mechanics of
   archiving WAL files.
  </P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="BACKUP-ARCHIVING-WAL"
>24.3.1. Setting Up WAL Archiving</A
></H2
><P
>    In an abstract sense, a running <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> system
    produces an indefinitely long sequence of WAL records.  The system
    physically divides this sequence into WAL <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>segment
    files</I
>, which are normally 16MB apiece (although the segment size
    can be altered when building <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>).  The segment
    files are given numeric names that reflect their position in the
    abstract WAL sequence.  When not using WAL archiving, the system
    normally creates just a few segment files and then
    <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"recycles"</SPAN
> them by renaming no-longer-needed segment files
    to higher segment numbers.  It's assumed that segment files whose
    contents precede the checkpoint-before-last are no longer of
    interest and can be recycled.
   </P
><P
>    When archiving WAL data, we need to capture the contents of each segment
    file once it is filled, and save that data somewhere before the segment
    file is recycled for reuse.  Depending on the application and the
    available hardware, there could be many different ways of <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"saving
    the data somewhere"</SPAN
>: we could copy the segment files to an NFS-mounted
    directory on another machine, write them onto a tape drive (ensuring that
    you have a way of identifying the original name of each file), or batch
    them together and burn them onto CDs, or something else entirely.  To
    provide the database administrator with flexibility,
    <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> tries not to make any assumptions about how
    the archiving will be done.  Instead, <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> lets
    the administrator specify a shell command to be executed to copy a
    completed segment file to wherever it needs to go.  The command could be
    as simple as a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>cp</TT
>, or it could invoke a complex shell
    script &mdash; it's all up to you.
   </P
><P
>    To enable WAL archiving, set the <A
HREF="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-WAL-LEVEL"
>wal_level</A
>
    configuration parameter to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>archive</TT
> (or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>hot_standby</TT
>),
    <A
HREF="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-ARCHIVE-MODE"
>archive_mode</A
> to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>on</TT
>,
    and specify the shell command to use in the <A
HREF="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-ARCHIVE-COMMAND"
>archive_command</A
> configuration parameter.  In practice
    these settings will always be placed in the
    <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
> file.
    In <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>archive_command</TT
>,
    <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%p</TT
> is replaced by the path name of the file to
    archive, while <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%f</TT
> is replaced by only the file name.
    (The path name is relative to the current working directory,
    i.e., the cluster's data directory.)
    Use <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%%</TT
> if you need to embed an actual <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%</TT
>
    character in the command.  The simplest useful command is something
    like:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>archive_command = 'test ! -f /mnt/server/archivedir/%f &amp;&amp; cp %p /mnt/server/archivedir/%f'  # Unix
archive_command = 'copy "%p" "C:\\server\\archivedir\\%f"'  # Windows</PRE
><P>
    which will copy archivable WAL segments to the directory
    <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/mnt/server/archivedir</TT
>.  (This is an example, not a
    recommendation, and might not work on all platforms.)  After the
    <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%p</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%f</TT
> parameters have been replaced,
    the actual command executed might look like this:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>test ! -f /mnt/server/archivedir/00000001000000A900000065 &amp;&amp; cp pg_xlog/00000001000000A900000065 /mnt/server/archivedir/00000001000000A900000065</PRE
><P>
    A similar command will be generated for each new file to be archived.
   </P
><P
>    The archive command will be executed under the ownership of the same
    user that the <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> server is running as.  Since
    the series of WAL files being archived contains effectively everything
    in your database, you will want to be sure that the archived data is
    protected from prying eyes; for example, archive into a directory that
    does not have group or world read access.
   </P
><P
>    It is important that the archive command return zero exit status if and
    only if it succeeds.  Upon getting a zero result,
    <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> will assume that the file has been
    successfully archived, and will remove or recycle it.  However, a nonzero
    status tells <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> that the file was not archived;
    it will try again periodically until it succeeds.
   </P
><P
>    The archive command should generally be designed to refuse to overwrite
    any pre-existing archive file.  This is an important safety feature to
    preserve the integrity of your archive in case of administrator error
    (such as sending the output of two different servers to the same archive
    directory).
   </P
><P
>    It is advisable to test your proposed archive command to ensure that it
    indeed does not overwrite an existing file, <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>and that it returns
    nonzero status in this case</I
></SPAN
>.
    The example command above for Unix ensures this by including a separate
    <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>test</TT
> step.  On some Unix platforms, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cp</TT
> has
    switches such as <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-i</TT
> that can be used to do the same thing
    less verbosely, but you should not rely on these without verifying that
    the right exit status is returned.  (In particular, GNU <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cp</TT
>
    will return status zero when <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-i</TT
> is used and the target file
    already exists, which is <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>not</I
></SPAN
> the desired behavior.)
   </P
><P
>    While designing your archiving setup, consider what will happen if
    the archive command fails repeatedly because some aspect requires
    operator intervention or the archive runs out of space. For example, this
    could occur if you write to tape without an autochanger; when the tape
    fills, nothing further can be archived until the tape is swapped.
    You should ensure that any error condition or request to a human operator
    is reported appropriately so that the situation can be
    resolved reasonably quickly. The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_xlog/</TT
> directory will
    continue to fill with WAL segment files until the situation is resolved.
    (If the file system containing <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_xlog/</TT
> fills up,
    <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> will do a PANIC shutdown.  No committed
    transactions will be lost, but the database will remain offline until
    you free some space.)
   </P
><P
>    The speed of the archiving command is unimportant as long as it can keep up
    with the average rate at which your server generates WAL data.  Normal
    operation continues even if the archiving process falls a little behind.
    If archiving falls significantly behind, this will increase the amount of
    data that would be lost in the event of a disaster. It will also mean that
    the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_xlog/</TT
> directory will contain large numbers of
    not-yet-archived segment files, which could eventually exceed available
    disk space. You are advised to monitor the archiving process to ensure that
    it is working as you intend.
   </P
><P
>    In writing your archive command, you should assume that the file names to
    be archived can be up to 64 characters long and can contain any
    combination of ASCII letters, digits, and dots.  It is not necessary to
    preserve the original relative path (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%p</TT
>) but it is necessary to
    preserve the file name (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%f</TT
>).
   </P
><P
>    Note that although WAL archiving will allow you to restore any
    modifications made to the data in your <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> database,
    it will not restore changes made to configuration files (that is,
    <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_hba.conf</TT
> and
    <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_ident.conf</TT
>), since those are edited manually rather
    than through SQL operations.
    You might wish to keep the configuration files in a location that will
    be backed up by your regular file system backup procedures.  See
    <A
HREF="runtime-config-file-locations.html"
>Section 18.2</A
> for how to relocate the
    configuration files.
   </P
><P
>    The archive command is only invoked on completed WAL segments.  Hence,
    if your server generates only little WAL traffic (or has slack periods
    where it does so), there could be a long delay between the completion
    of a transaction and its safe recording in archive storage.  To put
    a limit on how old unarchived data can be, you can set
    <A
HREF="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-ARCHIVE-TIMEOUT"
>archive_timeout</A
> to force the server to switch
    to a new WAL segment file at least that often.  Note that archived
    files that are archived early due to a forced switch are still the same
    length as completely full files.  It is therefore unwise to set a very
    short <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>archive_timeout</TT
> &mdash; it will bloat your archive
    storage.  <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>archive_timeout</TT
> settings of a minute or so are
    usually reasonable.
   </P
><P
>    Also, you can force a segment switch manually with
    <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_switch_xlog</CODE
> if you want to ensure that a
    just-finished transaction is archived as soon as possible.  Other utility
    functions related to WAL management are listed in <A
HREF="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-BACKUP-TABLE"
>Table 9-56</A
>.
   </P
><P
>    When <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>wal_level</TT
> is <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>minimal</TT
> some SQL commands
    are optimized to avoid WAL logging, as described in <A
HREF="populate.html#POPULATE-PITR"
>Section 14.4.7</A
>.  If archiving or streaming replication were
    turned on during execution of one of these statements, WAL would not
    contain enough information for archive recovery.  (Crash recovery is
    unaffected.)  For this reason, <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>wal_level</TT
> can only be changed at
    server start.  However, <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>archive_command</TT
> can be changed with a
    configuration file reload.  If you wish to temporarily stop archiving,
    one way to do it is to set <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>archive_command</TT
> to the empty
    string (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>''</TT
>).
    This will cause WAL files to accumulate in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_xlog/</TT
> until a
    working <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>archive_command</TT
> is re-established.
   </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="BACKUP-BASE-BACKUP"
>24.3.2. Making a Base Backup</A
></H2
><P
>    The procedure for making a base backup is relatively simple:
  <P
></P
></P><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>     Ensure that WAL archiving is enabled and working.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     Connect to the database as a superuser and issue the command:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>SELECT pg_start_backup('label');</PRE
><P>
     where <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>label</TT
> is any string you want to use to uniquely
     identify this backup operation.  (One good practice is to use the
     full path where you intend to put the backup dump file.)
     <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_start_backup</CODE
> creates a <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>backup label</I
> file,
     called <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>backup_label</TT
>, in the cluster directory with
     information about your backup, including the start time and label
     string.
    </P
><P
>     It does not matter which database within the cluster you connect to to
     issue this command.  You can ignore the result returned by the function;
     but if it reports an error, deal with that before proceeding.
    </P
><P
>     By default, <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_start_backup</CODE
> can take a long time to finish.
     This is because it performs a checkpoint, and the I/O
     required for the checkpoint will be spread out over a significant
     period of time, by default half your inter-checkpoint interval
     (see the configuration parameter
     <A
HREF="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-CHECKPOINT-COMPLETION-TARGET"
>checkpoint_completion_target</A
>).  This is
     usually what you want, because it minimizes the impact on query
     processing.  If you want to start the backup as soon as
     possible, use:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>SELECT pg_start_backup('label', true);</PRE
><P>
     This forces the checkpoint to be done as quickly as possible.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     Perform the backup, using any convenient file-system-backup tool
     such as <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>tar</SPAN
> or <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>cpio</SPAN
> (not
     <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> or
     <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dumpall</SPAN
>).  It is neither
     necessary nor desirable to stop normal operation of the database
     while you do this.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     Again connect to the database as a superuser, and issue the command:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>SELECT pg_stop_backup();</PRE
><P>
     This terminates the backup mode and performs an automatic switch to
     the next WAL segment.  The reason for the switch is to arrange for
     the last WAL segment file written during the backup interval to be
     ready to archive.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     Once the WAL segment files active during the backup are archived, you are
     done.  The file identified by <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_stop_backup</CODE
>'s result is
     the last segment that is required to form a complete set of backup files.
     If <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>archive_mode</TT
> is enabled,
     <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_stop_backup</CODE
> does not return until the last segment has
     been archived.
     Archiving of these files happens automatically since you have
     already configured <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>archive_command</TT
>. In most cases this
     happens quickly, but you are advised to monitor your archive
     system to ensure there are no delays.
     If the archive process has fallen behind
     because of failures of the archive command, it will keep retrying
     until the archive succeeds and the backup is complete.
     If you wish to place a time limit on the execution of
     <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_stop_backup</CODE
>, set an appropriate
     <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>statement_timeout</TT
> value.
    </P
></LI
></OL
><P>
   </P
><P
>    You can also use the <A
HREF="app-pgbasebackup.html"
>pg_basebackup</A
> tool to take
    the backup, instead of manually copying the files. This tool will do
    the equivalent of <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_start_backup()</CODE
>, copy and
    <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_stop_backup()</CODE
> steps automatically, and transfers the
    backup over a regular <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> connection
    using the replication protocol, instead of requiring file system level
    access. <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>pg_basebackup</TT
> does not interfere with file system level backups
    taken using <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_start_backup()</CODE
>/<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_stop_backup()</CODE
>.
   </P
><P
>    Some file system backup tools emit warnings or errors
    if the files they are trying to copy change while the copy proceeds.
    When taking a base backup of an active database, this situation is normal
    and not an error.  However, you need to ensure that you can distinguish
    complaints of this sort from real errors.  For example, some versions
    of <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>rsync</SPAN
> return a separate exit code for
    <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"vanished source files"</SPAN
>, and you can write a driver script to
    accept this exit code as a non-error case.  Also, some versions of
    GNU <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>tar</SPAN
> return an error code indistinguishable from
    a fatal error if a file was truncated while <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>tar</SPAN
> was
    copying it.  Fortunately, GNU <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>tar</SPAN
> versions 1.16 and
    later exit with 1 if a file was changed during the backup,
    and 2 for other errors.
   </P
><P
>    It is not necessary to be concerned about the amount of time elapsed
    between <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_start_backup</CODE
> and the start of the actual backup,
    nor between the end of the backup and <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_stop_backup</CODE
>; a
    few minutes' delay won't hurt anything.  (However, if you normally run the
    server with <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>full_page_writes</TT
> disabled, you might notice a drop
    in performance between <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_start_backup</CODE
> and
    <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_stop_backup</CODE
>, since <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>full_page_writes</TT
> is
    effectively forced on during backup mode.)  You must ensure that these
    steps are carried out in sequence, without any possible
    overlap, or you will invalidate the backup.
   </P
><P
>    Be certain that your backup dump includes all of the files under
    the database cluster directory (e.g., <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/pgsql/data</TT
>).
    If you are using tablespaces that do not reside underneath this directory,
    be careful to include them as well (and be sure that your backup dump
    archives symbolic links as links, otherwise the restore will corrupt
    your tablespaces).
   </P
><P
>    You can, however, omit from the backup dump the files within the
    cluster's <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_xlog/</TT
> subdirectory.  This
    slight adjustment is worthwhile because it reduces the risk
    of mistakes when restoring.  This is easy to arrange if
    <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_xlog/</TT
> is a symbolic link pointing to someplace outside
    the cluster directory, which is a common setup anyway for performance
    reasons.  You might also want to exclude <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postmaster.pid</TT
>
    and <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postmaster.opts</TT
>, which record information
    about the running <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>postmaster</SPAN
>, not about the
    <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>postmaster</SPAN
> which will eventually use this backup.
    (These files can confuse <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_ctl</SPAN
>.)
   </P
><P
>    To make use of the backup, you will need to keep all the WAL
    segment files generated during and after the file system backup.
    To aid you in doing this, the <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_stop_backup</CODE
> function
    creates a <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>backup history file</I
> that is immediately
    stored into the WAL archive area. This file is named after the first
    WAL segment file that you need for the file system backup.
    For example, if the starting WAL file is
    <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>0000000100001234000055CD</TT
> the backup history file will be
    named something like
    <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>0000000100001234000055CD.007C9330.backup</TT
>. (The second
    part of the file name stands for an exact position within the WAL
    file, and can ordinarily be ignored.) Once you have safely archived
    the file system backup and the WAL segment files used during the
    backup (as specified in the backup history file), all archived WAL
    segments with names numerically less are no longer needed to recover
    the file system backup and can be deleted. However, you should
    consider keeping several backup sets to be absolutely certain that
    you can recover your data.
   </P
><P
>    The backup history file is just a small text file. It contains the
    label string you gave to <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_start_backup</CODE
>, as well as
    the starting and ending times and WAL segments of the backup.
    If you used the label to identify the associated dump file,
    then the archived history file is enough to tell you which dump file to
    restore.
   </P
><P
>    Since you have to keep around all the archived WAL files back to your
    last base backup, the interval between base backups should usually be
    chosen based on how much storage you want to expend on archived WAL
    files.  You should also consider how long you are prepared to spend
    recovering, if recovery should be necessary &mdash; the system will have to
    replay all those WAL segments, and that could take awhile if it has
    been a long time since the last base backup.
   </P
><P
>    It's also worth noting that the <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_start_backup</CODE
> function
    makes a file named <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>backup_label</TT
> in the database cluster
    directory, which is removed by <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_stop_backup</CODE
>.
    This file will of course be archived as a part of your backup dump file.
    The backup label file includes the label string you gave to
    <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_start_backup</CODE
>, as well as the time at which
    <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_start_backup</CODE
> was run, and the name of the starting WAL
    file.  In case of confusion it is
    therefore possible to look inside a backup dump file and determine
    exactly which backup session the dump file came from.
   </P
><P
>    It is also possible to make a backup dump while the server is
    stopped.  In this case, you obviously cannot use
    <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_start_backup</CODE
> or <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_stop_backup</CODE
>, and
    you will therefore be left to your own devices to keep track of which
    backup dump is which and how far back the associated WAL files go.
    It is generally better to follow the continuous archiving procedure above.
   </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="BACKUP-PITR-RECOVERY"
>24.3.3. Recovering Using a Continuous Archive Backup</A
></H2
><P
>    Okay, the worst has happened and you need to recover from your backup.
    Here is the procedure:
  <P
></P
></P><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>     Stop the server, if it's running.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     If you have the space to do so,
     copy the whole cluster data directory and any tablespaces to a temporary
     location in case you need them later. Note that this precaution will
     require that you have enough free space on your system to hold two
     copies of your existing database. If you do not have enough space,
     you should at least save the contents of the cluster's <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_xlog</TT
>
     subdirectory, as it might contain logs which
     were not archived before the system went down.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     Remove all existing files and subdirectories under the cluster data
     directory and under the root directories of any tablespaces you are using.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     Restore the database files from your file system backup.  Be sure that they
     are restored with the right ownership (the database system user, not
     <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>root</TT
>!) and with the right permissions.  If you are using
     tablespaces,
     you should verify that the symbolic links in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_tblspc/</TT
>
     were correctly restored.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     Remove any files present in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_xlog/</TT
>; these came from the
     file system backup and are therefore probably obsolete rather than current.
     If you didn't archive <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_xlog/</TT
> at all, then recreate
     it with proper permissions,
     being careful to ensure that you re-establish it as a symbolic link
     if you had it set up that way before.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     If you have unarchived WAL segment files that you saved in step 2,
     copy them into <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_xlog/</TT
>.  (It is best to copy them,
     not move them, so you still have the unmodified files if a
     problem occurs and you have to start over.)
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     Create a recovery command file <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>recovery.conf</TT
> in the cluster
     data directory (see <A
HREF="recovery-config.html"
>Chapter 26</A
>). You might
     also want to temporarily modify <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_hba.conf</TT
> to prevent
     ordinary users from connecting until you are sure the recovery was successful.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     Start the server.  The server will go into recovery mode and
     proceed to read through the archived WAL files it needs.  Should the
     recovery be terminated because of an external error, the server can
     simply be restarted and it will continue recovery.  Upon completion
     of the recovery process, the server will rename
     <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>recovery.conf</TT
> to <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>recovery.done</TT
> (to prevent
     accidentally re-entering recovery mode later) and then
     commence normal database operations.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     Inspect the contents of the database to ensure you have recovered to
     the desired state.  If not, return to step 1.  If all is well,
     allow your users to connect by restoring <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_hba.conf</TT
> to normal.
    </P
></LI
></OL
><P>
   </P
><P
>    The key part of all this is to set up a recovery configuration file that
    describes how you want to recover and how far the recovery should
    run.  You can use <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>recovery.conf.sample</TT
> (normally
    located in the installation's <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>share/</TT
> directory) as a
    prototype.  The one thing that you absolutely must specify in
    <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>recovery.conf</TT
> is the <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>restore_command</TT
>,
    which tells <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> how to retrieve archived
    WAL file segments.  Like the <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>archive_command</TT
>, this is
    a shell command string.  It can contain <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%f</TT
>, which is
    replaced by the name of the desired log file, and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%p</TT
>,
    which is replaced by the path name to copy the log file to.
    (The path name is relative to the current working directory,
    i.e., the cluster's data directory.)
    Write <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%%</TT
> if you need to embed an actual <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%</TT
>
    character in the command.  The simplest useful command is
    something like:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>restore_command = 'cp /mnt/server/archivedir/%f %p'</PRE
><P>
    which will copy previously archived WAL segments from the directory
    <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/mnt/server/archivedir</TT
>.  Of course, you can use something
    much more complicated, perhaps even a shell script that requests the
    operator to mount an appropriate tape.
   </P
><P
>    It is important that the command return nonzero exit status on failure.
    The command <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>will</I
></SPAN
> be called requesting files that are not present
    in the archive; it must return nonzero when so asked.  This is not an
    error condition.  Not all of the requested files will be WAL segment
    files; you should also expect requests for files with a suffix of
    <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.backup</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.history</TT
>. Also be aware that
    the base name of the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%p</TT
> path will be different from
    <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%f</TT
>; do not expect them to be interchangeable.
   </P
><P
>    WAL segments that cannot be found in the archive will be sought in
    <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_xlog/</TT
>; this allows use of recent un-archived segments.
    However, segments that are available from the archive will be used in
    preference to files in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_xlog/</TT
>.  The system will not
    overwrite the existing contents of <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_xlog/</TT
> when retrieving
    archived files.
   </P
><P
>    Normally, recovery will proceed through all available WAL segments,
    thereby restoring the database to the current point in time (or as
    close as possible given the available WAL segments).  Therefore, a normal
    recovery will end with a <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"file not found"</SPAN
> message, the exact text
    of the error message depending upon your choice of
    <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>restore_command</TT
>.  You may also see an error message
    at the start of recovery for a file named something like
    <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>00000001.history</TT
>.  This is also normal and does not
    indicate a problem in simple recovery situations; see
    <A
HREF="continuous-archiving.html#BACKUP-TIMELINES"
>Section 24.3.4</A
> for discussion.
   </P
><P
>    If you want to recover to some previous point in time (say, right before
    the junior DBA dropped your main transaction table), just specify the
    required stopping point in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>recovery.conf</TT
>.  You can specify
    the stop point, known as the <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"recovery target"</SPAN
>, either by
    date/time, named restore point or by completion of a specific transaction
    ID.  As of this writing only the date/time and named restore point options
    are very usable, since there are no tools to help you identify with any
    accuracy which transaction ID to use.
   </P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
>      The stop point must be after the ending time of the base backup, i.e.,
      the end time of <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_stop_backup</CODE
>.  You cannot use a base backup
      to recover to a time when that backup was in progress.  (To
      recover to such a time, you must go back to your previous base backup
      and roll forward from there.)
     </P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
>    If recovery finds corrupted WAL data, recovery will
    halt at that point and the server will not start. In such a case the
    recovery process could be re-run from the beginning, specifying a
    <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"recovery target"</SPAN
> before the point of corruption so that recovery
    can complete normally.
    If recovery fails for an external reason, such as a system crash or
    if the WAL archive has become inaccessible, then the recovery can simply
    be restarted and it will restart almost from where it failed.
    Recovery restart works much like checkpointing in normal operation:
    the server periodically forces all its state to disk, and then updates
    the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_control</TT
> file to indicate that the already-processed
    WAL data need not be scanned again.
   </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="BACKUP-TIMELINES"
>24.3.4. Timelines</A
></H2
><P
>    The ability to restore the database to a previous point in time creates
    some complexities that are akin to science-fiction stories about time
    travel and parallel universes.  For example, in the original history of the database,
    suppose you dropped a critical table at 5:15PM on Tuesday evening, but
    didn't realize your mistake until Wednesday noon.
    Unfazed, you get out your backup, restore to the point-in-time 5:14PM
    Tuesday evening, and are up and running.  In <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>this</I
></SPAN
> history of
    the database universe, you never dropped the table.  But suppose
    you later realize this wasn't such a great idea, and would like
    to return to sometime Wednesday morning in the original history.
    You won't be able
    to if, while your database was up-and-running, it overwrote some of the
    WAL segment files that led up to the time you now wish you
    could get back to.  Thus, to avoid this, you need to distinguish the series of
    WAL records generated after you've done a point-in-time recovery from
    those that were generated in the original database history.
   </P
><P
>    To deal with this problem, <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> has a notion
    of <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>timelines</I
>.  Whenever an archive recovery completes,
    a new timeline is created to identify the series of WAL records
    generated after that recovery.  The timeline
    ID number is part of WAL segment file names so a new timeline does
    not overwrite the WAL data generated by previous timelines.  It is
    in fact possible to archive many different timelines.  While that might
    seem like a useless feature, it's often a lifesaver.  Consider the
    situation where you aren't quite sure what point-in-time to recover to,
    and so have to do several point-in-time recoveries by trial and error
    until you find the best place to branch off from the old history.  Without
    timelines this process would soon generate an unmanageable mess.  With
    timelines, you can recover to <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>any</I
></SPAN
> prior state, including
    states in timeline branches that you abandoned earlier.
   </P
><P
>    Every time a new timeline is created, <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> creates
    a <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"timeline history"</SPAN
> file that shows which timeline it branched
    off from and when.  These history files are necessary to allow the system
    to pick the right WAL segment files when recovering from an archive that
    contains multiple timelines.  Therefore, they are archived into the WAL
    archive area just like WAL segment files.  The history files are just
    small text files, so it's cheap and appropriate to keep them around
    indefinitely (unlike the segment files which are large).  You can, if
    you like, add comments to a history file to record your own notes about
    how and why this particular timeline was created.  Such comments will be
    especially valuable when you have a thicket of different timelines as
    a result of experimentation.
   </P
><P
>    The default behavior of recovery is to recover along the same timeline
    that was current when the base backup was taken.  If you wish to recover
    into some child timeline (that is, you want to return to some state that
    was itself generated after a recovery attempt), you need to specify the
    target timeline ID in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>recovery.conf</TT
>.  You cannot recover into
    timelines that branched off earlier than the base backup.
   </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="BACKUP-TIPS"
>24.3.5. Tips and Examples</A
></H2
><P
>    Some tips for configuring continuous archiving are given here.
   </P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="BACKUP-STANDALONE"
>24.3.5.1. Standalone Hot Backups</A
></H3
><P
>      It is possible to use <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>'s backup facilities to
      produce standalone hot backups. These are backups that cannot be used
      for point-in-time recovery, yet are typically much faster to backup and
      restore than <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> dumps.  (They are also much larger
      than <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> dumps, so in some cases the speed advantage
      might be negated.)
     </P
><P
>      To prepare for standalone hot backups, set <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>wal_level</TT
> to
      <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>archive</TT
> (or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>hot_standby</TT
>), <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>archive_mode</TT
> to
      <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>on</TT
>, and set up an <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>archive_command</TT
> that performs
      archiving only when a <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>switch file</I
></SPAN
> exists.  For example:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>archive_command = 'test ! -f /var/lib/pgsql/backup_in_progress || (test ! -f /var/lib/pgsql/archive/%f &amp;&amp; cp %p /var/lib/pgsql/archive/%f)'</PRE
><P>
      This command will perform archiving when
      <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/var/lib/pgsql/backup_in_progress</TT
> exists, and otherwise
      silently return zero exit status (allowing <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>
      to recycle the unwanted WAL file).
     </P
><P
>      With this preparation, a backup can be taken using a script like the
      following:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>touch /var/lib/pgsql/backup_in_progress
psql -c "select pg_start_backup('hot_backup');"
tar -cf /var/lib/pgsql/backup.tar /var/lib/pgsql/data/
psql -c "select pg_stop_backup();"
rm /var/lib/pgsql/backup_in_progress
tar -rf /var/lib/pgsql/backup.tar /var/lib/pgsql/archive/</PRE
><P>
      The switch file <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/var/lib/pgsql/backup_in_progress</TT
> is
      created first, enabling archiving of completed WAL files to occur.
      After the backup the switch file is removed. Archived WAL files are
      then added to the backup so that both base backup and all required
      WAL files are part of the same <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>tar</SPAN
> file.
      Please remember to add error handling to your backup scripts.
     </P
><P
>      If archive storage size is a concern, use <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_compresslog</SPAN
>,
      <A
HREF="http://pglesslog.projects.postgresql.org"
TARGET="_top"
>http://pglesslog.projects.postgresql.org</A
>, to
      remove unnecessary <A
HREF="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-FULL-PAGE-WRITES"
>full_page_writes</A
> and trailing
      space from the WAL files.  You can then use
      <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>gzip</SPAN
> to further compress the output of
      <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_compresslog</SPAN
>:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>archive_command = 'pg_compresslog %p - | gzip &gt; /var/lib/pgsql/archive/%f'</PRE
><P>
      You will then need to use <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>gunzip</SPAN
> and
      <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_decompresslog</SPAN
> during recovery:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>restore_command = 'gunzip &lt; /mnt/server/archivedir/%f | pg_decompresslog - %p'</PRE
><P>
     </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="BACKUP-SCRIPTS"
>24.3.5.2. <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>archive_command</TT
> Scripts</A
></H3
><P
>      Many people choose to use scripts to define their
      <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>archive_command</TT
>, so that their
      <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
> entry looks very simple:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>archive_command = 'local_backup_script.sh "%p" "%f"'</PRE
><P>
      Using a separate script file is advisable any time you want to use
      more than a single command in the archiving process.
      This allows all complexity to be managed within the script, which
      can be written in a popular scripting language such as
      <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>bash</SPAN
> or <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>perl</SPAN
>.
      Any messages written to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>stderr</TT
> from the script will appear
      in the database server log, allowing complex configurations to be
      diagnosed easily if they fail.
     </P
><P
>      Examples of requirements that might be solved within a script include:
      <P
></P
></P><UL
><LI
><P
>         Copying data to secure off-site data storage
        </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>         Batching WAL files so that they are transferred every three hours,
         rather than one at a time
        </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>         Interfacing with other backup and recovery software
        </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>         Interfacing with monitoring software to report errors
        </P
></LI
></UL
><P>
     </P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="CONTINUOUS-ARCHIVING-CAVEATS"
>24.3.6. Caveats</A
></H2
><P
>    At this writing, there are several limitations of the continuous archiving
    technique.  These will probably be fixed in future releases:

  <P
></P
></P><UL
><LI
><P
>     Operations on hash indexes are not presently WAL-logged, so
     replay will not update these indexes.  This will mean that any new inserts
     will be ignored by the index, updated rows will apparently disappear and
     deleted rows will still retain pointers. In other words, if you modify a
     table with a hash index on it then you will get incorrect query results
     on a standby server.  When recovery completes it is recommended that you
     manually <A
HREF="sql-reindex.html"
>REINDEX</A
>
     each such index after completing a recovery operation.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     If a <A
HREF="sql-createdatabase.html"
>CREATE DATABASE</A
>
     command is executed while a base backup is being taken, and then
     the template database that the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE DATABASE</TT
> copied
     is modified while the base backup is still in progress, it is
     possible that recovery will cause those modifications to be
     propagated into the created database as well.  This is of course
     undesirable.  To avoid this risk, it is best not to modify any
     template databases while taking a base backup.
    </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>     <A
HREF="sql-createtablespace.html"
>CREATE TABLESPACE</A
>
     commands are WAL-logged with the literal absolute path, and will
     therefore be replayed as tablespace creations with the same
     absolute path.  This might be undesirable if the log is being
     replayed on a different machine.  It can be dangerous even if the
     log is being replayed on the same machine, but into a new data
     directory: the replay will still overwrite the contents of the
     original tablespace.  To avoid potential gotchas of this sort,
     the best practice is to take a new base backup after creating or
     dropping tablespaces.
    </P
></LI
></UL
><P>
   </P
><P
>    It should also be noted that the default <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>WAL</ACRONYM
>
    format is fairly bulky since it includes many disk page snapshots.
    These page snapshots are designed to support crash recovery, since
    we might need to fix partially-written disk pages.  Depending on
    your system hardware and software, the risk of partial writes might
    be small enough to ignore, in which case you can significantly
    reduce the total volume of archived logs by turning off page
    snapshots using the <A
HREF="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-FULL-PAGE-WRITES"
>full_page_writes</A
>
    parameter.  (Read the notes and warnings in <A
HREF="wal.html"
>Chapter 29</A
>
    before you do so.)  Turning off page snapshots does not prevent
    use of the logs for PITR operations.  An area for future
    development is to compress archived WAL data by removing
    unnecessary page copies even when <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>full_page_writes</TT
> is
    on.  In the meantime, administrators might wish to reduce the number
    of page snapshots included in WAL by increasing the checkpoint
    interval parameters as much as feasible.
   </P
></DIV
></DIV
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>High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication</TD
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